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Qualidade do Ar no Nordeste Transmontano: Monitorização, Validação e Integração na Gestão do Território
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Resumo(s)
A poluição atmosférica constitui um dos principais desafios ambientais e de saúde pública à escala global, sendo responsável por impactes significativos na morbilidade, mortalidade prematura e degradação dos ecossistemas. Apesar dos avanços registados na monitorização e controlo das emissões, persistem importantes lacunas de conhecimento em regiões interiores de baixa densidade populacional, onde a cobertura observacional permanece limitada. Neste contexto, a presente dissertação teve como objetivo avaliar a variabilidade espacial e temporal da qualidade do ar no Nordeste Transmontano, analisando as concentrações de material particulado (PM₁₀ e PM₂,₅) e de poluentes gasosos (NOx, CO e O₃), bem como a influência das condições meteorológicas na sua dinâmica atmosférica. O estudo foi desenvolvido no município de Bragança, recorrendo a uma estação móvel de monitorização da qualidade do ar instalada em três locais representativos de diferentes contextos territoriais. Foram recolhidos dados de poluentes atmosféricos e variáveis meteorológicas durante campanhas realizadas no período de inverno, posteriormente submetidos a procedimentos de validação e análise estatística descritiva e inferencial.
Os resultados evidenciaram uma variabilidade espacial significativa das concentrações de poluentes, com os valores mais elevados de PM₁₀ e PM₂,₅ observados nos locais sujeitos a maior influência antropogénica. Os episódios de concentração mais elevados estiveram associados à combustão residencial de biomassa e às emissões do tráfego rodoviário. Embora apenas algumas excedências do valor-limite diário para PM₁₀ tenham sido registadas, verificaram-se múltiplas ultrapassagens das recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde para PM₂,₅. A análise meteorológica demonstrou que a velocidade do vento favoreceu a dispersão dos poluentes, enquanto situações de estabilidade atmosférica promoveram a sua acumulação junto à superfície. O comportamento do ozono revelou dependência dos processos fotoquímicos associados à radiação solar e da interação química com os óxidos de azoto em ambientes urbanos.
Conclui-se que a qualidade do ar em Bragança resulta da interação entre fontes emissoras locais, condições meteorológicas e características topográficas regionais. Os resultados obtidos contribuem para reduzir a escassez de informação sobre a qualidade do ar no Nordeste Transmontano e reforçam a necessidade de expandir as redes de monitorização atmosférica em regiões interiores, bem como de implementar estratégias de mitigação direcionadas para as principais fontes de emissão identificadas.
Air pollution is one of the major environmental and public health challenges worldwide, being responsible for significant impacts on morbidity, premature mortality, and ecosystem degradation. Despite advances in air quality monitoring and emission control, important knowledge gaps remain in low-density inland regions, where observational coverage is still limited. In this context, this dissertation aimed to assess the spatial and temporal variability of air quality in the Northeast of Trás-os-Montes, by analysing concentrations of particulate matter (PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅) and gaseous pollutants (NOx, CO and O₃), as well as the influence of meteorological conditions on their atmospheric dynamics. The study was conducted in the municipality of Bragança using a mobile air quality monitoring station deployed at three locations representative of different territorial contexts. Air pollutant and meteorological data were collected during winter monitoring campaigns and subsequently subjected to validation procedures and descriptive and inferential statistical analyses. The results revealed significant spatial variability in pollutant concentrations, with the highest PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅ levels observed at sites more strongly affected by anthropogenic activities. The most intense pollution episodes were mainly associated with residential biomass combustion and road traffic emissions. Although only a few exceedances of the daily limit value for PM₁₀ were recorded, multiple exceedances of the World Health Organization guidelines for PM₂.₅ were observed. Meteorological analysis demonstrated that wind speed played a key role in pollutant dispersion, whereas atmospheric stability conditions favoured pollutant accumulation near the surface. Ozone behaviour was found to depend on photochemical processes driven by solar radiation and on chemical interactions with nitrogen oxides in urban environments. It is concluded that air quality in Bragança results from the interaction between local emission sources, meteorological conditions, and regional topographic characteristics. The findings contribute to reducing the scarcity of information on air quality in the Northeast of Trás-os-Montes and highlight the need to expand atmospheric monitoring networks in inland regions, as well as to implement mitigation strategies targeting the main emission sources identified in this study.
Air pollution is one of the major environmental and public health challenges worldwide, being responsible for significant impacts on morbidity, premature mortality, and ecosystem degradation. Despite advances in air quality monitoring and emission control, important knowledge gaps remain in low-density inland regions, where observational coverage is still limited. In this context, this dissertation aimed to assess the spatial and temporal variability of air quality in the Northeast of Trás-os-Montes, by analysing concentrations of particulate matter (PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅) and gaseous pollutants (NOx, CO and O₃), as well as the influence of meteorological conditions on their atmospheric dynamics. The study was conducted in the municipality of Bragança using a mobile air quality monitoring station deployed at three locations representative of different territorial contexts. Air pollutant and meteorological data were collected during winter monitoring campaigns and subsequently subjected to validation procedures and descriptive and inferential statistical analyses. The results revealed significant spatial variability in pollutant concentrations, with the highest PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅ levels observed at sites more strongly affected by anthropogenic activities. The most intense pollution episodes were mainly associated with residential biomass combustion and road traffic emissions. Although only a few exceedances of the daily limit value for PM₁₀ were recorded, multiple exceedances of the World Health Organization guidelines for PM₂.₅ were observed. Meteorological analysis demonstrated that wind speed played a key role in pollutant dispersion, whereas atmospheric stability conditions favoured pollutant accumulation near the surface. Ozone behaviour was found to depend on photochemical processes driven by solar radiation and on chemical interactions with nitrogen oxides in urban environments. It is concluded that air quality in Bragança results from the interaction between local emission sources, meteorological conditions, and regional topographic characteristics. The findings contribute to reducing the scarcity of information on air quality in the Northeast of Trás-os-Montes and highlight the need to expand atmospheric monitoring networks in inland regions, as well as to implement mitigation strategies targeting the main emission sources identified in this study.
Descrição
Mestrado de dupla diplomação com a UTFPR, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná
Palavras-chave
Monitorização da qualidade do ar Nordeste Transmontano Poluentes atmosféricos Qualidade do ar Variabilidade espacial