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Avaliação do Sistema de Gestão De RSU de Medianeira (PR): Fluxos de Materiais, Eficiência e Pegada de Carbono
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A gestão inadequada dos resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) representa um dos principais desafios ambientais e institucionais enfrentados pelos municípios brasileiros, independentemente do seu porte. Nos municípios de pequeno e médio porte, essa problemática pode ser agravada por limitações técnicas, financeiras e operacionais, além de sua frequente sub-representação na literatura científica. Neste contexto, este estudo avalia de forma integrada o desempenho multidimensional e o impacto climático do sistema de gestão de RSU do município de Medianeira (PR), com base em dados do ano de 2024.
A metodologia combina quatro abordagens complementares: análise dos fluxos de materiais e indicadores operacionais; modelação do potencial de geração de biogás pelo modelo cinético LandGEM (U.S. EPA); quantificação da pegada de carbono integrada do sistema pela ferramenta SWEET v5.0 (U.S. EPA), contemplando as etapas de recolha, transporte, triagem e disposição final; e avaliação de indicadores de sustentabilidade nas dimensões ambiental-operacional, social, político-institucional e económica. Adicionalmente, foram simulados quatro cenários alternativos de intervenção técnica e política, de forma a avaliar o potencial de mitigação de emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE).
Os resultados revelaram que, das 18.026 toneladas de RSU geradas em 2024 (geração per capita de 0,8646 kg/hab.dia), 88,29% foram encaminhadas para o aterro sanitário e apenas 11,71% desviadas via coleta seletiva operada pela ASSAMA, com uma taxa de reciclagem efetiva de 8,32% - valor superior à média brasileira, mas muito aquém dos padrões europeus. O aterro sanitário constitui a fonte dominante de emissões de GEE do sistema, respondendo por 90,8% das emissões totais, com o metano como poluente largamente predominante. A modelação com o LandGEM projetou um pico de geração de metano de 1.126.866,1 m³/ano em 2034, com potencial energético máximo de 1.755,55 MWh/ano, suficiente para abastecer aproximadamente 735 habitantes.
A simulação dos cenários alternativos demonstrou reduções de emissões variáveis: o desvio de 30% da fração orgânica para compostagem (Cenário 1) reduziria as emissões em 17,7% em 2034; a captação e aproveitamento energético do biogás (Cenário 2) reduziria 58,2%; a expansão da reciclagem para 20% (Cenário 3) produziria o menor impacto isolado (-2,4%); e o cenário combinado de todas as intervenções (Cenário 4) alcançaria uma redução de 66,3% em 2034 face ao cenário base.
A avaliação multidimensional dos indicadores de sustentabilidade resultou numa média global de 54,5% de indicadores favoráveis, configurando um desempenho intermediário. A dimensão económica obteve o melhor desempenho (75%), seguida pelas dimensões social (60%) e político-institucional (50%). A dimensão ambiental- operacional concentrou as principais fragilidades, com apenas 33% de indicadores favoráveis, destacando-se a ausência de um Plano Municipal de Gestão Integrada de Resíduos Sólidos consolidado, o baixo índice de recuperação de recicláveis e a ausência de rotas de valorização para a fração orgânica.
Conclui-se que o sistema de Medianeira configura um sistema em transição, no qual práticas consolidadas, como a universalização da coleta e a inclusão formal dos catadores via ASSAMA, coexistem com limitações estruturais que comprometem a sustentabilidade de longo prazo. A captação de biogás é identificada como a medida de mitigação mais imediata e eficaz disponível, e a valorização da fração orgânica como o principal vetor de melhoria do sistema. Os resultados apresentados oferecem uma referência metodológica replicável para municípios brasileiros de porte semelhante na transição para modelos de gestão mais sustentáveis e alinhados às metas climáticas nacionais.
The inadequate municipal solid waste (MSW) management represents one of the main environmental and institutional challenges faced by Brazilian municipalities, regardless of their size. In small and medium-sized municipalities, this issue may be exacerbated by technical, financial, and operational limitations, as well as by their frequent underrepresentation in the scientific literature. In this context, this study provides an integrated assessment of the multidimensional performance and climate impact of the MSW management system in the municipality of Medianeira (PR), based on data from 2024. The methodology combines four complementary approaches: analysis of material flows and operational indicators; modelling of biogas generation potential using the LandGEM kinetic model (U.S. EPA); quantification of the system's integrated carbon footprint using the SWEET v5.0 tool (U.S. EPA), covering the stages of collection, transport, sorting, and final disposal; and evaluation of sustainability indicators across the environmental-operational, social, political-institutional, and economic dimensions. Additionally, four alternative technical and policy intervention scenarios were simulated to assess the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions mitigation potential. The results revealed that, of the 18,026 tonnes of MSW generated in 2024 (per capita generation of 0.8646 kg/inhabitant/day), 88.29% were sent to landfill and only 11.71% diverted through selective collection operated by ASSAMA, with an effective recycling rate of 8.32% - a value above the Brazilian average, but well below European standards. The landfill constitutes the dominant source of GHG emissions in the system, accounting for 90.8% of total emissions, with methane as the largely predominant pollutant. LandGEM modelling projected a methane generation peak of 1,126,866.1 m³/year in 2034, with a maximum energy potential of 1,755.55 MWh/year, sufficient to supply approximately 735 inhabitants. The simulation of alternative scenarios demonstrated variable emission reductions: diverting 30% of the organic fraction to composting (Scenario 1) would reduce emissions by 17.7% in 2034; biogas capture and energy recovery (Scenario 2) would reduce them by 58.2%; expanding recycling to 20% (Scenario 3) would produce the smallest isolated impact (-2.4%); and the combined scenario of all interventions (Scenario 4) would achieve a reduction of 66.3% in 2034 relative to the baseline. The multidimensional assessment of sustainability indicators yielded a global average of 54.5% favourable indicators, reflecting an intermediate level of performance. The economic dimension achieved the best result (75%), followed by the social (60%) and political-institutional dimensions (50%). The environmental-operational dimension concentrated the main weaknesses of the system, with only 33% favourable indicators, notably the absence of a consolidated Municipal Integrated Waste Management Plan, a low material recovery rate, and the lack of valorisation routes for the organic fraction. It is concluded that Medianeira's system constitutes a system in transition, in which consolidated practices, such as universal collection coverage and the formal inclusion of waste pickers through ASSAMA, coexist with structural limitations that compromise long-term sustainability. Biogas capture is identified as the most immediate and effective mitigation measure available, and organic fraction valorisation as the main driver for system improvement. The findings offer a replicable methodological framework for similarly sized Brazilian municipalities in their transition towards more sustainable management models aligned with national climate targets.
The inadequate municipal solid waste (MSW) management represents one of the main environmental and institutional challenges faced by Brazilian municipalities, regardless of their size. In small and medium-sized municipalities, this issue may be exacerbated by technical, financial, and operational limitations, as well as by their frequent underrepresentation in the scientific literature. In this context, this study provides an integrated assessment of the multidimensional performance and climate impact of the MSW management system in the municipality of Medianeira (PR), based on data from 2024. The methodology combines four complementary approaches: analysis of material flows and operational indicators; modelling of biogas generation potential using the LandGEM kinetic model (U.S. EPA); quantification of the system's integrated carbon footprint using the SWEET v5.0 tool (U.S. EPA), covering the stages of collection, transport, sorting, and final disposal; and evaluation of sustainability indicators across the environmental-operational, social, political-institutional, and economic dimensions. Additionally, four alternative technical and policy intervention scenarios were simulated to assess the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions mitigation potential. The results revealed that, of the 18,026 tonnes of MSW generated in 2024 (per capita generation of 0.8646 kg/inhabitant/day), 88.29% were sent to landfill and only 11.71% diverted through selective collection operated by ASSAMA, with an effective recycling rate of 8.32% - a value above the Brazilian average, but well below European standards. The landfill constitutes the dominant source of GHG emissions in the system, accounting for 90.8% of total emissions, with methane as the largely predominant pollutant. LandGEM modelling projected a methane generation peak of 1,126,866.1 m³/year in 2034, with a maximum energy potential of 1,755.55 MWh/year, sufficient to supply approximately 735 inhabitants. The simulation of alternative scenarios demonstrated variable emission reductions: diverting 30% of the organic fraction to composting (Scenario 1) would reduce emissions by 17.7% in 2034; biogas capture and energy recovery (Scenario 2) would reduce them by 58.2%; expanding recycling to 20% (Scenario 3) would produce the smallest isolated impact (-2.4%); and the combined scenario of all interventions (Scenario 4) would achieve a reduction of 66.3% in 2034 relative to the baseline. The multidimensional assessment of sustainability indicators yielded a global average of 54.5% favourable indicators, reflecting an intermediate level of performance. The economic dimension achieved the best result (75%), followed by the social (60%) and political-institutional dimensions (50%). The environmental-operational dimension concentrated the main weaknesses of the system, with only 33% favourable indicators, notably the absence of a consolidated Municipal Integrated Waste Management Plan, a low material recovery rate, and the lack of valorisation routes for the organic fraction. It is concluded that Medianeira's system constitutes a system in transition, in which consolidated practices, such as universal collection coverage and the formal inclusion of waste pickers through ASSAMA, coexist with structural limitations that compromise long-term sustainability. Biogas capture is identified as the most immediate and effective mitigation measure available, and organic fraction valorisation as the main driver for system improvement. The findings offer a replicable methodological framework for similarly sized Brazilian municipalities in their transition towards more sustainable management models aligned with national climate targets.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Resíduos sólidos urbanos Pegada de carbono LandGEM SWEET Indicadores de sustentabilidade Biogás